The Sun Also Rises :: essays research papers

July's People is an account of a white family who experience life as individuals of color would in South Africa at that point. They leave their home and their employments in the United States and follow their hireling, July, to live in an African clan. The entire time that they are living in Africa they rely upon July for endurance yet they despite everything treat him as a hireling. July wishes that he would be dealt with additional as an equivalent however close to that he wouldn't fret being their hireling as long as he gets paid. The inversion of jobs, in this book, doesn't generally change individuals. It is as if they know where they remain with one another and that would never show signs of change. The Smales would consistently be above July, who might consistently be bound to be their hireling regardless of how much their lives relied upon him. Â Â Â Â Â In the United States the Smales were presumably somewhat more wealthy than a normal family. The dad functioned as a modeler and earned substantial sums of money, that is obvious in light of the fact that they can manage the cost of a hireling. They choose to leave their home and to move to another and new spot. July drives them to his clan in Africa. The change happens in that spot, to the Smales United States is home however to July it is an outside spot, though Africa is the place July feels comfortable and the Smales feel like they are on another planet. Being aliens to this new place Smales rely upon July for endurance. Their powerlessness to Goldenberg 2 speak with the locals and the way that they are the main whites in a clan convolutes things. They rely upon July to get instruments, discover cover, and get food in addition to other things. Simultaneously they don't confide in him. They are continually presuming that he is taking from them, they get agitated when he takes the truck with out their consent, they feel like he is attempting to swindle them somehow or another. Â Â Â Â Â The Smales were never thought of as being a piece of the clan, they stuck out, in light of the fact that they were white as well as on the grounds that they originated from an alternate culture. July remains their hireling all through the entire book. Neither of them, July nor the Smales, endeavored turning out to be old buddies and cooperating through the difficulties of war. July requests cash for all that he does and the Smales expect for him to deal with things.

Los Angeles International Airport Risk Assesment Essay

Los Angeles International Airport Risk Assesment - Essay Example Hazard evaluation changes from translation of information dependent on various and ordinary events or vents to the estimation of the likelihood of exceptionally atypical occasions, amalgamated in every situation with the estimation of presentation to chance. Setting of the objective needs estimating of the presentation, degree of hazard, and middle of the road and practicality of the arrangements and alleviations for chance decreases, to spot targets which hits a harmony between attainability, challenge and open and political reasonableness. Stage ONE: THREAT IDENTIFICATION AND RATING LAX Terrorist danger Identification and rating Airport psychological warfare chance evaluation and examination isn't led in a vacuum. This sort of hazard is generally surveyed and examined as an approach to control or purchase down hazard over term by means of building up specific measures and alleviations over the air terminal offices. By and by, dominant part of the world known air terminals LAX inclu ded are at expanding hazard from both inward and outer fear assault because of their security game plan. By and by, in spite of the improved security at LAX, it despite everything stays one of the focuses of focuses by the fear monger assault, attributable to the way that it has continued more disturbing rates than some other air terminal in the United States. This infers counterterrorism despite everything stays a top worry for the LAX security the executives. In 1974, a fear monger sorted out a bomb in the LAX air terminal ending the lives of three and seriously harming eight individuals. The moderation for any fear assault at LAX is in this manner, an exceptionally a central idea which must not be wished away and must be upheld by all the representatives inside the LAX workplace or impression. LAWA the executives is accused of duties of working, capital improving and arrangement of security at the air terminal. Given the continuous monstrous development, contending requests of de aling with the air terminal and the remodel of different terminals to extend its global terminals, there is a conviction that the security of the air terminal is needing, making it to be truly defenseless for danger assault. What's more, insight related with aeronautics isn't institutionally passing all open wellbeing organizations of LAX consistently. This implies as a pre-relief measure, there ought to be predictable knowledge sharing of the data between open security office, nearby laws requirement and US insight panel. Improvement of connections and cooperation between these three bodies whereby they give one other pivotal keen data dependent on the advancing fear based oppression dangers, both in the US and abroad is basic for the general wellbeing of the air terminal. Unstable Blast deadly implements According to LAX fear based oppression danger distinguishing proof, two parameters are applied to portray the dangerous impact plan danger: the size of the weapon decided in equiv alent pounds of TNT (trinitrotoluene) and the deadlock. The deadlock is characterized by the separation determined from the charge’s focal point of gravity to the segment of intrigue which for this situation is the LAX and its encompassing. Table 1.1 Showing Explosive Evacuation Distance Threat Description Explosive Substance1 as for TNT identical LAX Evacuation Distance2 Open-air Evacuation Distance3 Semitrailer 27,214kg 480m 2,136m Moving van 13,608kg 377m 1980m Small Moving van 4,537kg 265m 1144m Cargo van 1,815kg 196m 838m Sedom 454kg 122m 536m Compact Sedom 229kg 98m 456m Briefcase Bomb 22kg 47m 566m Suicide Vest 9kg 33m 415m Suicide Belt 4.5kg 26m 330m

Remove These 30 Words and Phrases from Your Writing Now

Remove These 30 Words and Phrases from Your Writing Now Becoming a better writer is an art form. It requires patience, research, reading voraciously, and above allâ€"practice. In the process, a writers lexicon should be consistently curated, since words are the basis of the writing profession, and words that are vague or superfluous should be replaced with better ones or deleted.If you want to sharpen your craft, here are 30 words and phrases to remove from your writing now.Down, up (if following sat or stood)In most cases when you see these two words following sat or stood, its superfluous. She sat down in the chair could be she sat in the chair, and they stood up to sing could be they stood to sing. The point here is to keep your writing as sharp as possible.ThatIn many cases, use of that is either superfluous or incorrect. The book that is on my bookshelf could be the book on my bookshelf and retain the same meaning. The night that were going to the baseball game should rather be the night were going to the baseball game.That is also i ncorrectly used when referring to people. For example, I have a friend that plays cello is incorrect. You dont have a friend that plays cello. You have a friend who plays cello. In the same sense, My aunt that is visiting from Florida should be my aunt who is visiting from Florida.Said, asked, replied, whispered, demanded or any other dialogue tags (after the first few sentences of dialogue)Instead of using dialogue tags, which slow the pacing of the story, reserve them for the first few sentences of dialogue then ditch them afterwards. After your reader understands the order that the characters are speaking in, theyll catch whos saying what without these distractions.You can also use actions taking place between and around dialogue to help note who is saying each line. Consider the two examples below. Which one has the better pacing?Example 1What time is the meeting tonight, asked Steve.I have no clue, said Terrance, but they sent out an email this morning.Yeah, my email inbox is s wamped with complaints, said Steve.Complaints? said Terrance.Dont ask, said Steve.Example 2Steve stopped, knowing now why he felt like he was forgetting something all morning. What time is the meeting tonight?I have no clue, but they sent out an email this morning. Terrance didnt bother to look up from his work.Yeah, my email inbox is swamped with complaints.Complaints? At least now Terrance was interested.Dont ask.Think, thought, felt, feel, realize, wonderUsing these words in your story is a great example of telling vs. showing. You dont have to tell your reader that the main character is thinking something. Simply put it in italics to show that its a mental process within the narration.Or alternatively, state it. If your protagonist wonders whether the love of his life is gone for good, dont write he wondered if the love of his life is gone for good. Instead, write the question: Was the love of his life gone for good? The fact he is wondering this is implied in the narration, so the reader sees what the character is wondering about without being told that the character is, in fact, wondering.You dont have to tell your reader that the main character is thinking something. Simply put it in italics to show that its a mental process within the narration. Photo by Nathan Cowley from Pexels.WentThis is one of those lazy words that should be replaced with something more descriptive and compelling. Instead of writing, She went to church you could rather write she drove to church. Instead of writing, He went to soccer practice you could rather write he ran to soccer practice. See how that changes the image? Not only did you avoid a vague word, but you used the same word count to offer more detail for your reader.HonestlyThis word might be more often used in nonfiction or blog articles, but if youre a writer, you should immediately strike it from your vocabulary unless youre using it to describe how someone else has spoken or done something.While its mostly used to a dd emphasis, when its used for this purpose, it immediately implies that the other words youve written are not honest. Honestly, Id rather watch a Netflix show than go to the movies is exactly like saying Id rather watch a Netflix show than go to the movies, except there is implication that youre only now being honest. Additionally, as mentioned for that, extra words should always be removed for sharper writing unless you are going for a purposefully chatty, informal vernacular.Absolutely, totallyWhile usually intended to add emphasis, these words are the epitome of redundancy and are almost never needed. If something is important, its important. Making it absolutely important or totally important doesnt change anything. In the same sense, if something is essential, making it absolutely essential doesnt make it any more essential than it was before adding absolutely to it.Very, really, rather, quiteThese words are modifiers but should always be replaced with a better word to sharpen up your writing. For starters, they signal a young and/or inexperienced writer. If youre using them in dialogue between young people, thats another story, but if its coming from youâ€"the narratorâ€"find a better, more engaging replacement.For example, you could describe a really beautiful day or say it is a dazzling day. You could mention that a road trip will be very long or you could rather describe it as immense, far-reaching or lengthy. Regardless of what youre describing, you will always be able to find a more suitable replacement for very and really. If you choose the right adjective, it shouldnt need to be qualified. If youre stuck, simply pull up an online thesaurus and get unstuck quickly.Writer and humorist Mark Twain had a useful solution to removing unneeded modifiers from your writing. Substitute damn every time youre inclined to write very. Your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.Florence King, American novelist, essayist and columnist , put it like this: Very is the most useless word in the English language and can always come out. More than useless, it is treacherous because it invariably weakens what it is intended to strengthen.AmazingAt one time, amazing was just fine to use. It means causing astonishment, great wonder, or surprise and is used constantly in everything from slogans to speeches to social media posts to conversations about sports or the weather. Simply put: its overused. Heres a list of less-overused words that express the same (or nearly the same) concept.FascinatingIncredibleMarvelousStunningSurprisingUnbelievableAstoundingMiraculousMind-blowingStaggeringWonderfulAlways, neverThese words create absolutes and can make your writing seem inaccurate or even closed-minded. To say that something always happens is to claim that you have an omniscient view of an incident, across locations, situations, and even time periods. Obviously, this is not the case.Women dont always nag their husbands and dogs dont always torment cats. It doesnt always rain in Seattle and children dont always say mean things to each other. In the same sense, claiming that it never rains in the desert or love never lasts makes the writer seem unprofessional, overly confident, and simply wrong. Thats why using these words in your writing should be avoided.LiterallyIf this word is used correctly, it denotes something that happens exactly as stated, in the literal sense. However, youll often see it doing the opposite, or used with a figurative expression (as in, That literally scared me to death!). If you literally thought you were dying, be sure that was the case before using the term. Or even betterâ€"dont use it at all and simply note how you thought you were dying. Rarely does the use of the term add important information and as mentioned regarding several of the words on this list, extraneous or vague words are best left unwritten.JustThis is another filler word that adds nothing to the meaning of the se ntence, unless it is used to describe an action that is based on, or person behaving according to what is morally right and fair (the literal definition of the word). Think of it as sugar. Its best to leave it alone entirely, but if you must use it, moderation is best. Its nothing but empty calories.Think of words like just as sugar. Its best to leave it alone entirely, but if you must use it, moderation is best. Its nothing but empty calories. Photo by Mali Maeder from Pexels.Stuff, thingsWeve all met that person who overuses thing when they cant remember the word for the object to which theyre referring. Stuff falls into the same category and neither should be used by writers who would be expected to have an above-average vocabulary. Be specific!IrregardlessThis is one of those words the majority will get wrong, since many who use it dont realize that its meaning is regardless. Although it is a word, it is nonstandard in that its prefix (ir-) and suffix (-less) create a double neg ative. Since its meaning is often misunderstood, combined with a double negative thats confusing, its best to avoid using it at all.

Remove These 30 Words and Phrases from Your Writing Now

Remove These 30 Words and Phrases from Your Writing Now Becoming a better writer is an art form. It requires patience, research, reading voraciously, and above allâ€"practice. In the process, a writers lexicon should be consistently curated, since words are the basis of the writing profession, and words that are vague or superfluous should be replaced with better ones or deleted.If you want to sharpen your craft, here are 30 words and phrases to remove from your writing now.Down, up (if following sat or stood)In most cases when you see these two words following sat or stood, its superfluous. She sat down in the chair could be she sat in the chair, and they stood up to sing could be they stood to sing. The point here is to keep your writing as sharp as possible.ThatIn many cases, use of that is either superfluous or incorrect. The book that is on my bookshelf could be the book on my bookshelf and retain the same meaning. The night that were going to the baseball game should rather be the night were going to the baseball game.That is also i ncorrectly used when referring to people. For example, I have a friend that plays cello is incorrect. You dont have a friend that plays cello. You have a friend who plays cello. In the same sense, My aunt that is visiting from Florida should be my aunt who is visiting from Florida.Said, asked, replied, whispered, demanded or any other dialogue tags (after the first few sentences of dialogue)Instead of using dialogue tags, which slow the pacing of the story, reserve them for the first few sentences of dialogue then ditch them afterwards. After your reader understands the order that the characters are speaking in, theyll catch whos saying what without these distractions.You can also use actions taking place between and around dialogue to help note who is saying each line. Consider the two examples below. Which one has the better pacing?Example 1What time is the meeting tonight, asked Steve.I have no clue, said Terrance, but they sent out an email this morning.Yeah, my email inbox is s wamped with complaints, said Steve.Complaints? said Terrance.Dont ask, said Steve.Example 2Steve stopped, knowing now why he felt like he was forgetting something all morning. What time is the meeting tonight?I have no clue, but they sent out an email this morning. Terrance didnt bother to look up from his work.Yeah, my email inbox is swamped with complaints.Complaints? At least now Terrance was interested.Dont ask.Think, thought, felt, feel, realize, wonderUsing these words in your story is a great example of telling vs. showing. You dont have to tell your reader that the main character is thinking something. Simply put it in italics to show that its a mental process within the narration.Or alternatively, state it. If your protagonist wonders whether the love of his life is gone for good, dont write he wondered if the love of his life is gone for good. Instead, write the question: Was the love of his life gone for good? The fact he is wondering this is implied in the narration, so the reader sees what the character is wondering about without being told that the character is, in fact, wondering.You dont have to tell your reader that the main character is thinking something. Simply put it in italics to show that its a mental process within the narration. Photo by Nathan Cowley from Pexels.WentThis is one of those lazy words that should be replaced with something more descriptive and compelling. Instead of writing, She went to church you could rather write she drove to church. Instead of writing, He went to soccer practice you could rather write he ran to soccer practice. See how that changes the image? Not only did you avoid a vague word, but you used the same word count to offer more detail for your reader.HonestlyThis word might be more often used in nonfiction or blog articles, but if youre a writer, you should immediately strike it from your vocabulary unless youre using it to describe how someone else has spoken or done something.While its mostly used to a dd emphasis, when its used for this purpose, it immediately implies that the other words youve written are not honest. Honestly, Id rather watch a Netflix show than go to the movies is exactly like saying Id rather watch a Netflix show than go to the movies, except there is implication that youre only now being honest. Additionally, as mentioned for that, extra words should always be removed for sharper writing unless you are going for a purposefully chatty, informal vernacular.Absolutely, totallyWhile usually intended to add emphasis, these words are the epitome of redundancy and are almost never needed. If something is important, its important. Making it absolutely important or totally important doesnt change anything. In the same sense, if something is essential, making it absolutely essential doesnt make it any more essential than it was before adding absolutely to it.Very, really, rather, quiteThese words are modifiers but should always be replaced with a better word to sharpen up your writing. For starters, they signal a young and/or inexperienced writer. If youre using them in dialogue between young people, thats another story, but if its coming from youâ€"the narratorâ€"find a better, more engaging replacement.For example, you could describe a really beautiful day or say it is a dazzling day. You could mention that a road trip will be very long or you could rather describe it as immense, far-reaching or lengthy. Regardless of what youre describing, you will always be able to find a more suitable replacement for very and really. If you choose the right adjective, it shouldnt need to be qualified. If youre stuck, simply pull up an online thesaurus and get unstuck quickly.Writer and humorist Mark Twain had a useful solution to removing unneeded modifiers from your writing. Substitute damn every time youre inclined to write very. Your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be.Florence King, American novelist, essayist and columnist , put it like this: Very is the most useless word in the English language and can always come out. More than useless, it is treacherous because it invariably weakens what it is intended to strengthen.AmazingAt one time, amazing was just fine to use. It means causing astonishment, great wonder, or surprise and is used constantly in everything from slogans to speeches to social media posts to conversations about sports or the weather. Simply put: its overused. Heres a list of less-overused words that express the same (or nearly the same) concept.FascinatingIncredibleMarvelousStunningSurprisingUnbelievableAstoundingMiraculousMind-blowingStaggeringWonderfulAlways, neverThese words create absolutes and can make your writing seem inaccurate or even closed-minded. To say that something always happens is to claim that you have an omniscient view of an incident, across locations, situations, and even time periods. Obviously, this is not the case.Women dont always nag their husbands and dogs dont always torment cats. It doesnt always rain in Seattle and children dont always say mean things to each other. In the same sense, claiming that it never rains in the desert or love never lasts makes the writer seem unprofessional, overly confident, and simply wrong. Thats why using these words in your writing should be avoided.LiterallyIf this word is used correctly, it denotes something that happens exactly as stated, in the literal sense. However, youll often see it doing the opposite, or used with a figurative expression (as in, That literally scared me to death!). If you literally thought you were dying, be sure that was the case before using the term. Or even betterâ€"dont use it at all and simply note how you thought you were dying. Rarely does the use of the term add important information and as mentioned regarding several of the words on this list, extraneous or vague words are best left unwritten.JustThis is another filler word that adds nothing to the meaning of the se ntence, unless it is used to describe an action that is based on, or person behaving according to what is morally right and fair (the literal definition of the word). Think of it as sugar. Its best to leave it alone entirely, but if you must use it, moderation is best. Its nothing but empty calories.Think of words like just as sugar. Its best to leave it alone entirely, but if you must use it, moderation is best. Its nothing but empty calories. Photo by Mali Maeder from Pexels.Stuff, thingsWeve all met that person who overuses thing when they cant remember the word for the object to which theyre referring. Stuff falls into the same category and neither should be used by writers who would be expected to have an above-average vocabulary. Be specific!IrregardlessThis is one of those words the majority will get wrong, since many who use it dont realize that its meaning is regardless. Although it is a word, it is nonstandard in that its prefix (ir-) and suffix (-less) create a double neg ative. Since its meaning is often misunderstood, combined with a double negative thats confusing, its best to avoid using it at all.

Learning Disabilities - Dysgraphia, Dyslexia, Dyscalcula Free Essay Example, 4500 words

This is because of the evolution of the information age which has resulted in a severe divide from between those having such disabilities and those who do not, as the accessibility to information has become limited for the disabled where no facilitations existing for them. There has been an increase in the number of reported disabled individuals in the recent years of around as according to the 2001 census one in five of the UK population is disabled. This figure amounts to 18 percent of the population is disabled. (BBC - Commissioning - Disabled audiences Audience Information) The reason for this increase has been attributed to the environmental deterioration taking place, polluted water, polluted fish, mercury compounds found in plants and seafood due to toxic waters. Aside from these factors irregularities in fetal development and poor nourishment and care in their initial life can result in long-lasting learning disabilities. Disability also has the tendency to increa se and be aggravated by ageing. This can be seen from the statistics that 50 percent of people who are over the age of 65 are disabled while only 4.3 percent of children have reported disability. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Disabilities - Dysgraphia, Dyslexia, Dyscalcula or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The disability can only become a problem when people who have them start suffering from reduced self-confidence and attribute any failures that they might have in their life on themselves (Young, 2005). Such people need to be highly motivated.

Gilligans Ethics of Care

Psychologist Carol Gilligan is best known for her innovative but controversial ideas on the moral development of women. Gilligan emphasized what she called an â€Å"ethics of care† in womens moral reasoning. She placed her approach in direct opposition to Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which she claimed was biased against females and emphasized an â€Å"ethics of justice.† Key Takeaways: Gilligan's Ethics of Care Carol Gilligan believed women’s morality arose from real-life dilemmas, not hypothetical ones. She came up with three stages of moral development that emphasize an ethics of care.Pre-conventional stage: women are focused on the self.Conventional stage: women have come to focus on their responsibilities towards others. Post-conventional stage: a woman has learned to see herself and others as interdependent. Gilligan developed her thinking in response to the stages of moral development outlined by Lawrence Kohlberg, which Gilligan claimed were gender-biased and emphasized an ethics of justice. However, research by other scholars has shown that two moral orientations exist—one towards care and one towards justice. Origin of Gilligan’s Ethics of Care In 1967, a few years after receiving her Ph.D. from Harvard, Gilligan started a teaching position there. She also became a research assistant for Lawrence Kohlberg, who developed a popular theory of moral development. Gilligan’s work was a response to the gender bias she saw in Kohlberg’s approach.   Kohlberg’s theory of moral development included six stages. At its highest stage, an individual develops a deeply held, self-defined set of moral principles that one wishes to apply equally to all people. Kohlberg cautioned that not everyone would reach this sixth stage of moral development. In subsequent studies, he found that women tended to score at lower stages of moral development than men. However, Gilligan pointed out that the research Kohlberg did to develop his stage theory only included young white male participants. As a result, Gilligan argued that men werent morally superior to women. Instead, the reason women scored lower in Kohlberg’s stages than men was that Kohlberg’s work discounted the voices of women and girls. She outlined this position in detail in her seminal book In a Different Voice, which she published in 1982. Gilligan decided to study the development of moral reasoning in women herself and found that women thought about morality differently than men. Men, as exemplified by Kohlberg’s theory, tend to look at morality through a lens of rights, laws, and universally applied principles. This â€Å"ethics of justice† has traditionally been viewed as an ideal in patriarchal Western cultures because it is championed by men. However, women tend to look at morality through a lens of relationships, compassion, and responsibility to others. This â€Å"ethics of care† has often been overlooked because of the limited power women have typically held in Western societies. Gilligan illustrated this difference in the moral reasoning of males and females by articulating the thinking of a boy and a girl participants responses to the â€Å"Heinz dilemma† from Kohlberg’s studies. In this dilemma, a man named Heinz must choose whether or not to steal medicine he can’t afford to save the life of his dying wife. The boy participant believes Heinz should take the medicine because the right to life is more important than the right to property. On the other hand, the girl participant doesn’t believe Heinz should take the medicine because it could land him in jail for stealing, leaving his wife alone when she needs him. As this example demonstrates, the ethics of justice is impartial. Principles must always be applied in the same way, even if that means it negatively impacts the individual or someone they’re close to. On the other hand, the ethics of care is contextual. Morality isn’t based on abstract principles but on real relationships. Given these gender differences, Gilligan proposed that women don’t stop developing morally at lower levels than men, but that women’s moral development simply continues along a different trajectory than the ethics of justice measured by Kohlberg’s scale. Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Development Gilligan outlined her own stages of moral development based on an ethics of care. She used the same levels Kohlberg did but based her stages on interviews with women. Specifically, because Gilligan believed women’s morality arose from real-life dilemmas, not hypothetical ones, she interviewed women trying to decide whether or not to terminate a pregnancy. Her work yielded the following stages:   Stage 1: Pre-Conventional At the pre-conventional stage, women are focused on the self and emphasize their own self-interests over other considerations. Stage 2: Conventional At the conventional stage, women have come to focus on their responsibilities towards others. They are concerned with care for others and being selfless, but this position is defined by society or other people in the woman’s orbit. Stage 3: Post-Conventional At the highest stage of moral development, the post-conventional stage, a woman has learned to see herself and others as interdependent. These women have control of their lives and take responsibility for their decisions, a big part of which is the choice to care for others. Gilligan said that some women may not reach the highest stage of moral development. In addition, she didnt attach specific ages to her stages. However, she did claim that it wasnt experience that drove a woman through the stages, but cognitive ability and the woman’s evolving sense of self. Can the Ethics of Care Extend to Men? While the ethics of care was developed based on research with women, Gilligan has insisted that the ethics of care and the ethics of justice aren’t mutually exclusive. Instead of focusing on gender, Gilligan preferred to focus on the different themes brought up by these two perspectives on morality. Although this meant that men could develop an ethics of care, Gilligan indicated it was likely more common in women. Research by other scholars has backed up some of Gilligan’s assertions. On the one hand, studies have indicated that the gender differences on Kohlberg’s stages aren’t especially pronounced, suggesting that there may not be a strong gender-bias in Kohlberg’s work. On the other, studies have shown that people have two moral orientations that line up with Gilligan’s ethics of justice and ethics of care. And studies have found that the moral orientation towards care is stronger in females. Thus, while both men and women can and will develop both orientations, one may be more influential in men than in women and vice versa. Furthermore, research suggests that as people age and reach the highest stages of moral development, the two orientations may be more equally represented in the individual, regardless of gender. Critiques Despite the evidence for some of Gilligan’s ideas, they have also been criticized for a number of reasons. One critique states that Gilligan’s observations are the result of societal expectations of gender rather than differences that naturally arise from gender. Thus, if societal expectations were different, the moral orientations of males and females would also be different. In addition, feminist psychologists are divided over Gilligan’s work. While some have praised it, some have criticized it for reinforcing traditional notions of femininity that could continue to lock women into care-giver roles. Feminists have also pointed out that women are not a monolith. They argue that Gilligan’s work makes women’s voices seem homogenous, while denying their nuance and diversity. Sources Bell, Laura. Profile of Carol Gilligan. Psychologys Feminist Voices Multimedia Internet Archive. http://www.feministvoices.com/carol-gilligan/â€Å"Carol Gilligan Moral Development Theory Explained.† Health Research Funding. https://healthresearchfunding.org/carol-gilligan-moral-development-theory-explained/Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.â€Å"Ethics of Care.† New World Encyclopedia. 15 August 2017. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ethics_of_careGoodTherapy. â€Å"Carol Gilligan.† 8 July 2015. https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/carol-gilligan.htmlSander-Staudt, Maureen. â€Å"Care Ethics.† Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://www.iep.utm.edu/care-eth/#SH1aWilkinson, Sue. â€Å"Feminist Psychology.† Critical Personality: An Introduction, edited by Dennis Fox and Isaac Prilleltensky, SAGE, 1997, pp. 247-264.

Electronic Commerce Essay - 1144 Words

Analyze the role of EC in the modern business and social environments. Identify three international barriers to EC and evaluate their roles in the success of EC. This assignment tests your analytical and critical thinking skills and your ability to synthesize concepts around topics. The paper should be in APA format, 2-3 pages (not including reference page), with at least two references. With the introduction of internet, Ecommerce has taken its supreme position in Today’s industry. Ecommerce essentially means trading products and services by using computer through internet. It has three important factors- Technology, Law Policy and finally Business Ecommerce was introduced in 1970s and, from then, its use has been exponential†¦show more content†¦Role of E-commerce in the Social environments: 1. The major role of social media in E-Commerce is to promote brand awareness. 2. Social media helps passively showing that the brand interacts with their customers and is easily reachable. 3. Social media has cemented itself in today’s society and changed the way many of us communicate. Not only has it affected the way we interact at an individual level, but it has also started to impact the way companies do business. E-commerce reduces delivery time and labor cost thus it has been possible to save the time of both – the vendor and the consumer. Economic Effects of Ecommerce: 1. Reduction in transaction costs in Ecommerce compared to traditional commerce as Ecommerce removes the traditional geographical and time barriers. 2. Ecommerce is of tremendous advantage to a layman, who does not understand the product- which is new into the market- Ecommerce helps him make a decision by comparing the prices online and allows this comfort at his home rather than driving to different locations and accessing the similar product at different stores. 3. Additionally another main advantage has been shipping of the product to home which saves costs of transportation and time for the buyer. Business Effects of Ecommerce: 1. Various retail stores of a particular product are now connected online and they would have a better idea of the costs incurred to get the product from theShow MoreRelatedElectronic Commerce1202 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic Wallets are Secure Introduction The idea for paying for goods and services electronically is not a new one. The search for more efficient ways of doing business is now driving another revolution in the conduct of business and in our concept of money. 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Relationship Between Mother and Daughter free essay sample

â€Å"A mother is not a person to lean on, but a person to make leaning unnecessary.† (Dorothy Fisher). The thought of not a mother around all the time is unbearable. My mother is kind, caring, strong, and independent and I would be thrilled to grow up to be everything she is. If I had to choose the most influential person out of all the amazing people I have gotten to know, I would pick my mother with no doubt. For reasons like my family she has kept strong through everything all the way to loving me no matter what, my mother had demonstrated that she is a real woman and I would be more than happy to be just like her later on in my life. Every day, I see her small things she does to either cheer me up, or make me feel loved. My mother works hard to keep us all on our feet. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Mother and Daughter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is difficult for any mother, and she handles it very well. Another thing that my mom handles well would be that my dad has to commute to New York every week and he doesnt return until Friday. I can see the toll that this takes on my mother, but she chooses to hind her hurt to make sure that we are okay. Missing my father is something that I have lived with since I could remember. My mother will make me feel better about my dad being gone for long periods of time. She drops all her problems to tend to mine, which is why she is such an amazing person. This situation demonstrates how strong my mother really is. I can either look toward her for support or to remind me that my obstacles can be solved by myself to make me a stronger individual in the long run. This quality can be very important to be the person who I look forward to being. An independent person, just like my mother is. She depends on herself to make it through life and nobody else. We never know what could happen and it is safe to know how to support yourself. Many people influence me throughout my life so far, and it is important to learn from each person. But my strong, smart, independent, and caring mother is the person who makes the most difference in my life. The impact that she has on me is indescribable because every day she teaches me something new that is important. This question is not brought up to students much anymore and I believe that we should talk more about the figures in someone’s life. Even though my mother might not notice but I watch her every move to see her expressions on things and actions on other things. Certain things that she might do with catch my eye and I will notice it even more later on. In todays’ society every person needs a figure to look up to, for them to be guided throughout our everyday lives. And that is why I decided to choose my mother for the person who I think is the most influential to me.

The Environmental Impact of Polyethylene Bags in Uganda Essay Example

The Environmental Impact of Polyethylene Bags in Uganda Paper Plastic have also posed danger to animal life in Uganda, fishing is one of the sources of income for most Uganda and plastic bags seems to affect the life of fish in the lakes which the people of Uganda earn a living and sometimes fish is exported to other countries, hence increasing foreign exchange and also providing employment to the citizens who may work in these fish factories around the country. (According to the ministry of land and fishing in Uganda report on the dangers of plastic to the industry 2007). Hence plastics bags are a big problem to the citizens of Uganda. Though the government have tried to ban the use, manufacture or distribution of plastic bags but in vain, non-profitable organizations (like the Greenwich), though by June 2007 the after the Greenwich filed its lawsuit against use of plastic bags, the government banned the use, distribution and manufacturing of plastic bags, but all was in vain to today(Monitor newspaper April 2009). Plastic bags less than 30 mirrors were banned but parliament didnt pass the law to implement the ban. Instead the manufacturers have increased the size of the plastic bags to 31 morons which is a big threat. Greenwich investigators June 2010). Suffocation , plastic bags not only cause life threat to animals in Uganda but also children who without supervision can easily suffocate on these plastic bags, some children play a lot where plastics bags are dumped ,(According to environmental law alliance cot 201 0),this is very threatening issue caused by the use of plastic bags and hence this should be approached by the government Of Uganda as a matter of urgency to protect its citizens. Laws should be put in place to ban the use ,distribution of plastic bags in Uganda as soon as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on The Environmental Impact of Polyethylene Bags in Uganda specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Environmental Impact of Polyethylene Bags in Uganda specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Environmental Impact of Polyethylene Bags in Uganda specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer More so plastic bags have caused pollution to the environment in Uganda more than anything else, measures should be taken to end the use of plastic bags given the disadvantages they pose to the citizens of Uganda. Fumes, since plastic bags cant be destroyed the only way to get rid of them is by burning them which causes fumes to the environment which is a danger as while. (According to the environmental law alliance group of lancers June 2009). This causes to the degrading of the environment violating the rights of the citizens to live in a healthy environment free from pollution. Though the Uganda parliament tried to cut funds to the ministry of water and environment, if they didnt encourage the ban of plastic bags, but still no law was put in place to end the use of plastic bags. More so they have made the city to be more untidy than before so this should be attacked as a issue of urgency in Uganda. (ganglands daily newspaper article peg 6 Feb. 2010). In conclusion given the many dangers caused by the use ,distribution of plastic bags in Uganda, they should encourage proper use of plastic bags and recycling and the re-use of all plastics to protect the environment and the tizzies of Uganda. Therefore the government should pass a law to ban the use or distribution of plastics and encourage the use Of paper bags which are not a danger to environment and the citizens of Uganda. The government should also ban the manufacturing of these plastic bags and encourage the use of bags which are less than AD mirrors. Shopping bags should be encouraged too since you can reuse it as many times as you want unlike plastic bags, so I believe plastic bags should be banned in Uganda and be approached with such urgency for the wellbeing of the citizens of Uganda.

Differential Reproductive Success in the Science of Evolution

Differential Reproductive Success in the Science of Evolution The term differential reproductive success sounds complicated, but it refers to a rather simple idea common in the study of evolution. The term is used when comparing the successful reproduction rates of two groups of individuals in the same generation of a species population, each exhibiting a different genetically determined characteristic or genotype. It is a term that is central to any discussion of natural selection- the cornerstone principle of evolution. Evolutionary scientists might, for example, want to study whether short height or tall height is more conducive to a species continued survival. By documenting how many individuals of each group produces offspring and in what numbers, scientists arrive at a differential reproductive success rate.   Natural Selection From an  evolutionary perspective, the overall goal of any species is to continue to the next generation. The mechanism is ordinarily rather simple:  produce as many offspring as possible to ensure that at least some of them survive to  reproduce and create the next generation. Individuals within the population of a species often compete for food, shelter, and mating partners to make sure that it is their DNA and their traits that are the ones passed down to the next generation to carry on the species. A cornerstone of the theory of evolution is this principle of natural selection. Sometimes called survival  of the fittest, natural selection is the process by which  those individuals with genetic traits better suited to their environments live long enough to reproduce many offspring, thereby passing the genes for those favorable adaptations to the next generation. Those individuals lacking the favorable traits, or possessing unfavorable traits, are likely to die off before they can reproduce, removing their genetic material from the ongoing  gene pool. Comparing Reproductive Success Rates The term differential reproductive success refers to a statistical analysis comparing successful reproduction rates between groups in a given generation of a species- in other words, how many offspring each group of individuals is able to leave behind. The analysis is used to compare two groups holding different variations of the same trait, and it provides evidence of which group is the fittest. If individuals exhibiting variation A of a trait are demonstrated to reach reproductive age more often and produce more offspring than individuals with variation B of the same trait, the differential reproductive success rate allows you to infer that natural selection is at work and that variation A is advantageous- at least for conditions at the time. Those individuals with variation A will deliver more genetic material for that trait to the next generation, making it more likely to persist and carry on to future generations. Variation B, meanwhile, is likely to gradually vanish.   Differential reproductive success can manifest in a number of ways. In some instances, a trait variation might cause individuals to live longer, thereby having more birth events that deliver more offspring to the next generation. Or, it may cause more offspring to be produced with each birth, even though lifespan remains unchanged. Differential reproductive success can be used to study natural selection in any population of any living species, from the largest mammals to the smallest microorganisms. The evolution of certain antibiotic-resistance bacteria is a classic example of natural selection, in which bacteria with a gene mutation making them resistant to drugs gradually replaced bacteria that had no such resistance. For medical scientists, identifying these strains of drug-resistant bacteria (the fittest) involved documenting the differential reproductive success rates between different strains of the bacteria.

Responsibility and Accountability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Responsibility and Accountability - Essay Example This means that one can be relied upon to oversee and implement their duties. Accountability, on the other hand, involves the assumption and acknowledgment of the consequences of actions, policies and decisions in governance and administration. It also encompasses the obligation to report, elaborate and be answerable for the consequences resulting from the decisions. Being accountable entails assuming the results for a particular action. In the community, it is important to identify who is responsible for certain actions and the one accountable for the consequences of these actions. Currently, there is an ongoing debate regarding the application of responsibility and accountability in the governing bodies. The roles that public relations practitioners take imply the responsibility to undertake certain functions. In business, the term can be used to describe the obligations or duties that have been assigned to a person with respect to the person’s function or position. Therefore, responsibility can be viewed as a collection of obligations that are associated with a function or a job. Therefore, a responsible actor can be viewed as a person whose job entails a set of obligations. These obligations are usually predetermined. The obligations must be met for the accomplishment of the job. Responsibility also includes moral obligations. These moral obligations are usually related to functional obligations. Henceforth, a certain level of maturity in terms of morals is required for an individual to be termed as responsible. Responsibility also encompasses the need for a person’s ability to reason in a moral and mature way. Ability to reason is the awareness of consequences and action that might follow ones action. Accountability is when a person is credited or blamed for his/her actions. These actions are usually associated with an established responsibility. Here, the difference between the two terms can be noted. A

Management Information Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management Information Systems - Research Paper Example In this project, the basic idea is to automate the traditional business practices and improve the overall capability and performance of corporation. Business Overview The scenario of the business is that my best friend has bought a small retail business in Central Florida and its name is Bright Moon Store. The business has been doing fairly well but my friend has just found out that the accounting system consists of cash and receipts in a shoe box and there are no reports of anything since everything was kept in the prior owner's head. So in this project, my friend has hired me as a consultant to help him get things organized. Markets The Bright Moon Store deals in general household products that are used in our daily lives. The basic intention of this store is to provide customers with more convenient and easy access to daily used products. Bright Moon Store has a long business history in the market and with the passage of time its overall reorganization has improved. As a result, B right Moon Store wants to improve its overall market reorganization and performance. With the passage of time the business customers are increasing so the business needs to adopt some effective tools and techniques to deal with these growing requirements. Mission/Business Need In order to run its business effectively Bright Moon Store has to fulfill its basic business needs. The effective fulfillment of these needs will effectively support all business areas. In this scenario Bright Moon Store’s basic business needs are outlined below: (Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005) Automated product management Rapid management and processing of business resources Staff management Effective supply chain management and automation Efficient and effective customer record management Back-office information management Purchasing management Data security Finance management Data sharing among all store areas like store, purchase counter, etc. Improved inventory ma nagement Timely and accurate business reporting Effective decision support HR management Problems with Current Information Processing Bright Moon Store is currently completing its business tasks using manual ways. In such scenario the overall workload and working style are more rigid, which ultimately causes less effective business performance. The present business data is paper based or semi automated. In this scenario problem is that the amount of data is huge and it cannot be handled without using an appropriate information system. According to (Hoffer, Prescott, & McFadden, 2007; Laudon & Laudon, 1999), â€Å"an information system is a collection of organized components that work collectively, process, store, and distribute information to a variety of departments with the purpose of supporting decision making and control in an organization†. Thus, in the absence of an information system we connect retrieve some valuable information from this data. This data is presently w orthless because the extraction of the valuable facts and figures is much harder. In addition, business of Bright

The Analysis of Body Language Intercultural Communications

The Analysis of Body Language Intercultural Communications Abstract With the international communication becoming closer,except the verbal communication in daily life, we may encounter many body languages. These body languages can express their mood or even substitute one sentence. Therefore, in order to understand the intercultural communication better, this dissertation first introduces the relationship between culture and language, then briefly explains what body language is and its function in intercultural communication, subsequently, briefly analyses the differences of the same body language in different cultures. At last, the dissertation suggests that when studying English language, one cant ignore the huge body language, it will be helpful with our English study. Key words: Language; culture; body language; intercultural communication I. Introduction With the international communication becoming more and more frequently, Chinese people may have many chances to get in touch with foreigners. They always use many body languages with their talk. It is a funny phenomena. Shakespeare said Theres language in her eyes, her cheek, her lip, Nay, her foot speaks. Indeed, these body language not only can make their word lively, but also express the speakers mood, or even substitute a sentence. What the body language means when they use for communication?This is the necessary knowledge of English study. Any kind of body language is formed on the foundation of culture. Without understanding the true meaning of a body language, it will embarrass or make mistake. Therefore, this dissertation will analysis the differences of same body language in the different cultures and suggest to study English on the premise of understanding their culture. II. Literature review 2.1 Culture and language 2.1.1 Culture The definition of culture is evolving as time passes. In the west, at first it was used to describe some ability of person which represent a form of act. Then culture used to describe the real achievement of a instructed person. And in 1952, a book of Alfred L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn named Culture. A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions was give a general definition based on more than 160 kinds of cultures definition which was identified by modern east and west academic circle. And in China, its meaning was that with the understanding of all phenomena of human social, govern the world with instructing and inspiring. In the Confucian concept, wen not only means word, but also refer to all the rules of etiquette and music in general. In ancient Chinese language, culture meant guiding people with ethics. Culture is a complex concept and changing with human social. However, the word culture is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group 2.1.2 Language Language is the important thinking and communicating tool of human being. With language people can keep and pass human civilization achievement. In general, any nation has its own language. It is a notable character of a nation and has long history. Language is closely related with thought. It is the carrier and exhibition form of thought. Language is a social phenomenon with stability and nationality. Though many animals can make sound to express their emotion or deliver message, these sounds are regular without change. Only person have language and can combine all the sounds that have no meaning to become a meaningful morpheme, then put these morphemes together in many ways to form utterance. Using infinite changing form to express infinite changing meaning. 2.1.3 The relationship between language and culture Culture and language are mutual dependence and can not be separated. Language is part of culture, it is the media of culture communication. We use language to communicate, and language is largely influenced by culture. The relationship between culture and language is on the foundation of nation. A nation produces language, at the same time produces culture. Edward Sapir thought that language can not exist without culture. The culture we talk about is social custom and belief. It can decide our life structure. Linguistician Palmer said that language faithfully reflects all the history and culture, game and amusement, belief and prejudice of a nation. As a part of nations culture, language reflects the nations visage, at the same time, language reflects the content of culture as form. Language is the important carrier of culture. Other carriers such as historical site, book, or painting, only show part or even a corner of culture. But language stores all the information of culture comprehensively. Language consists of voice, vocabulary and grammar. Vocabulary, especially the notional word, bear the important responsibility of carrying culture. Time passes, and many new words are coming into being, such as virtual floating, means netizens put their worries and secrets in the virtual bottle without knowing who will get it. All of these are anonymous. And kickback, the original of this word is that the International Olympic Committee will open an ethics investigation into Issa Hayatou over allegations the African football official took kickbacks from FIFAs former marketing agency. But these new words hardly possible become part of culture. Only those language fact that integrate into the bottom life deeply, chosen and washed out by history, enter the basic nation voc abulary is the sign of language affect culture profoundly. For example, Buddhism have been spreaded about 2000 years. Some words like free, retribution, disengagement, hell are coming from Buddhism. These words have already integrated into Chinese become part of it. Culture has effect on language semiotic system itself, language concept, thought and expression, and language learning. Nation culture is decided by the meaning of vocabulary. Different culture tradition and mentality have definitively function to it. Such as dragon, the western people have no favor to it, they thought it is monster, cruel person, stand for devil. But in ancient Chinese culture it stands for the son of heaven and the emperor, lucky and honorable. The reference content and way of culture are decided by the cultures person and persons culture. For example, Cantonese cant see snow for the whole year, so they do not distinguish ice and snow in concept. The northman say à ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ £Ã‚ , and Cantonese say à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡. But the Eskimo who live in arctic pole always contact with snow and have a perceptive. There are more than 20 kinds of words used to describe different snow. As the carrier and express tool of thought, language promote the developm ent of thought, on the other hand, language is restricted by thought. For instance, Chinese say à §Ã‚ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¦, that is à §Ã‚ Ã‚ « and à ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¦, looking into the physics function of à §Ã‚ Ã‚ « and à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ½. But in English, there is railway train, look into the move way of rail and track. To understand the culture of English countries is the important step of English study. The research of language and culture is divided into language culture and language in culture. So culture is divided into two part: big culture and small culture.(Bright, 1976) Here is a form: language Big culture other cultural phenomena Culture Verbal language Small culture Non-verbal language Body language is the important part of non-verbal language. Non-verbal language and culture are learned behaviour and social custom that rich in long history heritage. The relationship between both have these characters in someone like Samovar etals eyes: culture and non-verbal language can not be divided. Many non-verbal languages are the result of learning culture. The shaping and impacting of non-verbal behaviour are always decided by determinate culture environment. It is very important to understand the relationship between culture and non-verbal language. (Samovar etal, 1981) Samovar thought that through understanding the basic represent mode of some cultures non-verbal language, we can search peoples behaviour and attitude. Through non-verbal language mode can understand a sort of cultures value system. Through the research of non-verbal language can exclude the narrow ethnocentrism. The most realistic signification of researching the relationship between culture and non-verba l language in intercultural communication is to resolve the culture conflict in non-verbal language. People always do not realize the learning of their own culture, but very sensitive with other cultures non-verbal language and easily produce misunderstand. Worth the whistle, the culture conflict brought by non-verbal language is serious than that brought by verbal language. Because non-verbal language always is the expression of sensibility and emotion. Samovar put forward that to resolve the non-verbal language culture conflict in international communication should remember the follow three principles when understand the meaning of other cultures non-verbal language: 1. When pay attention to the behaviour of a non-verbal language can not ignore that there are manifold non-verbal language cooperative work in real communication. 2. Anyone can not list and describe all the non-verbal language in any culture. But if we can understand exactly the information of some usually used non-verbal language under the international communication environment, it will be helpful to understand the necessary information. 3. Only understand our cultures non-verbal language first, can we understand other cultures behaviour. Under international communication, to identify the message of non-verbal language should avoid modal or only notice superficies. Be sure to keep in mind that any non-verbal language does not appear lonely, nor deliver any message consciously. Pay special attention to that when study foreign language, international communication activity, and international research, for the need of communicating, studying and researching, people have to make a summation and generalization of the non-verbal language of the same country and the same language nation to sum up some representative non-verbal language. However, in real communication, people must find that the non-verbal language in the same country and nation are not just the same. Even in the same area, it is differ in thousands of ways between the people in different occupations, different age groups and different culture levels. Such as America which is famous for multinational immigrant living together, their non-verbal language are ver y hard to be consistent. So as the different English country, the differences are more further. III. Body language 3.1 Definition Body language is a way of communication that body movements which use head, eyes, neck, hands, arm, foot or other parts of the body to express peoples thought and emotions. Facial expressions, eye contact and other postures and gestures are the commonly used body movement. In a general sense of word, body language includes facial expression, in a narrow sense of word, body language only includes the meaning expressed by body and four limbs. The assortment of body language was advanced by Ruesch and Kees in 1956 according to the basic component of non-verbal language. It involves sign language, action language, and object language. The other assortment was advanced by M. Knapp in 1978 through the analysis of some pertinent researching and literatures. That are body motion and kinesics behaviour, physical characteristics, touching behaviour, paralanguage, proxemics, artifacts, environmental factors. Subsequently, Jensen advanced another statement: body motion and gestures, attitudes to ward time, attitudes toward space, general habits in communication. The research of human body language can trace back to Aristotle in Greek. The formally research was beginning from Darwin. In his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals put forward that man and animals have many similar expressions. The systemic research of body language must come first Ray Birdwhistell. His 1952 book Introduction to Kinesics put forward the theory of kinesics. Made the body language become a coding system like verbal language to study the relationship between body movement and communication. Body Language of Julius Fast is a representative work that reflects the research result of body language. This book is known as the summary of the scientists research in the body language field. From then on, body language becomes a boundary science and produces new research result continuously. According to estimates, human body can make out more than 270,000 kinds of posture and movement. This is far more than the sound made out by human body. These postures and movements meaning are very complex. Some are definite and material as some are general and blurry. Some are used to communicate as some are used to self-express. Some are expressing emotion message as some are reflecting character and attitude. So the sort of body language is very complex. The body language classification method of Ekman and Friesen has important effent in non-verbal language communication educational circles. According to all the movements origin, usage and code, they divided human face and bodys continuous movement into five parts: 1. Symbolic movement: these movements have clearly meaning, such as the gesture express OK and victory. Symbolic movement always used to substitute verbal language. In general, they have distinct culture character. For example, the movement means suicide, in Japan, people use hand to simulate dagger to thrust the abdomen, and in America, people use hand to simulate a gun shot temple. 2. Illustrative movement: these kind of movements cooperate with verbal language directly to explain the meaning of the talking. For example, to emphasize a sentence, describe a thought, indicate a material, depict a space relationship, characterize a things rhythm and speed, portray a phenomena , describe a body movement, explain a sentences meaning, etc. 3. Emotion revealing movement: mainly through facial expression to show emotion or mood, of course the other part of body can also express these emotion. Express the emotion can repeat, exaggerate,deny the verbal language, or may be no relationship with it. Express the emotion always deliver the message of communication unconscious, but also can use it in communicating conscious. 4. Modulation movement: this kind of movement is used for maintaining or adjusting the talk in the face-to-face talk. It drops a hint that the speaker can keep talking, repeat again, explain further, speak fast or more lively, let other people have a talk, etc. In recent years, people pay attention to the research of the turn-talking in chat. Turn-talking means that telling the opposite side I want to talk; stopping the speaker changing the topic; asking the other side to give me a speaking chance; let the other side keep talking; telling the others that I have finish my talking and you can speak. The usually used movement is head and eye movement. 5. Adaptable movement: Ekman and Friesen divide it more further: 1). Self-adaptable movement: this kind of movement always happen on personally, such as, holding own hand, rubbing hand, grabing, scratching, clutching, nipping, whisking or gathering the cloth. In general, the emotion is more disconcerting, the pretty actions are more distinguished. Picking nose and wiping eyes belong to this kind. 2). Transformational adaptable movement: this kind of movement take place in the connect with other people. Such as, bringing or delivering, attacking or protecting, close or away. Leg movement can react that encroach, footsie or attack. Shaking hand or foot means fidgety that the person want to avoid talking. 3). Object adaptable movement: this kind of movement always relate to the using of material, such as smoking and writing. 3.2 The function of body language in intercultural communication As the necessary communication tool, body language has important function in intercultural communication. Bradford J. Hall(2002) summarized the mainly function of body language language: 1. Repetition: Body language can reinforce the verbal language by repeating the verbal message nonverbally, such as using a gesture, it can help the receiver understand the message easily. For example, when someone ask you where is the restaurant, you can point a certain direction when you say, the restaurant is north the library. Or we point to the question on the book we just ask. 2. Substitution: Body language can be used to replace some verbal language to deliver a certain meaning. When your friend meet a sad thing that make him cry, you can give him a hug. This is more powerful than any soothing words. 3. Contradiction: Body language sometimes can betray the speaker by sending contradictory message to the verbal language. The body language is often regarded as the powerful word than the spoken words. For example, we cant keep our face from blushing even say we dont nervous or we cant slow down our heartbeat if we are scared. And the teacher can find a student is wandering from the eyesight even though his eyes are staring the blackboard. So the body language is reliable than the verbal language sometimes. 4. Accentuation: It can force the power when you add a body language with your talk than only use verbal language. When you apologize to someone, if an apology show on you face, this can make your apology more conviction. In addition, body language can provide a complement to the verbal language. In some countries, you can up you thumb as the same time you give a admiration to your friends for his good performance. 5. Regulation: The body language also helps us to control the situation of our talking. For example, when we need a quiet, we can put our finger on our lip. IV. The analysis of the differences of the same body language in different cultures 4.1 The different meaning of the same body language in different cultures Here contrast some body languages that usually used but have different meaning. If you use a very awful body language, this might bring a badly result. 1. In China, up the thumbs means good to praise you are doing a good job, bravo and so on. It is same in many countries. If thumbs down means disagree, finish or youre game over. But in Australia, no matter it up or down is obscene. 2. Protrude the index finger means wait a minute in America, but in Australia it means one more beer. 3. Protrude the little finger means cowardly man in England as bet in America. 4. The V for victory or peace sign in America if made with the palm facing inward is taunting or sneering in England. It is very offensive to societys morals. 5. American people sometimes up head, palm facing down, index finger across the throat, it means Im full. I cant eat anymore. But it means decapitation in China. 6. When Chinese people communicating with foreign people, the most antipathetic movement is using index finger point the others casual. Indeed, the movement is in bad taste and impolite to western people. This is reproof and rebuke. 7. Chinese male like to put hands on other mans shoulder for a long time. And Chinese female frequently take other womans hand closely for long time. These shock the foreigners because they consider this gesture means homosexual. 8. When Chinese people receive or send a cup of water or a gift, they will use two hands to accept it to show appreciate and admiration. But American people dont care about whether use one or two hands. 9. When talking with American people Chinese like to put their hands crossed behind their back or into their pockets. But these gestures make the American think you are hiding guns in your hands. 10. Chinese may scratch their noses when feeling uncomfortable. This is confused the western people because in their culture this movement means Im telling a lie. 4.2 Some embarrassing examples due to misunderstanding of body language Under the same culture, people may have misunderstanding because of the body language, even the different culture. Culture difference in different countries, so the body language can express different meaning. If we do not understand the other peoples meaning, it will have misunderstanding and displeasure. For Examples: Tom is the manager of an American company in China. Recently, Li Lei, one of the Chinese staff makes a mistake at work. He is very upset about what had happened, so he comes to Toms office to apologize. Entering the office with smile. He says: I feel terribly sorry for the mistake. I am here to make a sincerely apology to you and promise that it will never happen again. When he said this, the smile always on his face. But Tom feels it is hard to accept and ask himAre you sure? Li says yes with smile. Tom is angry and saysYou dont look sorry at all. If you really feel sorry, how can you still smile? Li feels so embarrassed and does not know what to do. A Chinese student Wangdan and her friend, the American student Judy who studys in China were on the way to store. They saw a boy fell down on the ground. He tried to stand up while the surrounding people laughed. Luckily he was ok. Judy was worried but found Wangdan was smiling too. She was very curious and asked how could you laugh when someone else fell down. Why dont you help him to stand up and ask him whether he was hurt. Wangdan said, Because they know he was not hurt too much. But Judy still couldnt understand. She said, In my culture, if this was happen, we would do anything but laugh. The former examples are all about the smile. In daily life we usually smile, but in different culture, this ordinary movement can bring misunderstanding or some more serious results. When western people come across these situations, they will with solemn face to apologize or come to console the boy. Though smile means happy, it is the symbol for people in general, but in different culture, smiling in the communication are different. The western people think smile always means happy, high in spirits or think something is funny. But Chinese people often smile, because it not only means humours and satisfaction, also means embarrassment and protection, even a kind of evadable. So it confuses the western people, they say it is too hard to understand. In China, people sometimes use smile to eliminate embarrassment, also means never mind, and the person smile to self-mockery or play a joke. But if the affair is very serious, people will provide help but laugh out of court. So for the peopl e who do not know the meaning, this kind of smile will make them unhappy even produce antipathy. A Chinese student went to a American family and sent present to the child of this family,when he beckon to the little boy, yet the boy back off him. The hand movement is very abundant and with infective. Every gesture has its particular function. In the case, the Chinese student used Chinese gesture, which palm facing down and making a scratching motion with fingers to beckon. This is different in America that means to go away. When they let somebody to close up, their palm facing up or only move index finger. This is opposite to Chinese and may bring Chinese peoples repulsion. V. Conclusion After the briefly analysis of the analysis of body language in intercultural communications, we have a knowledge about the relationship between culture and language, and the influence of body language in the communication. The body language in our daily life is incalculable. Every one can use his body to represent himself. Body language is the same as verbal language to be the carrier of culture that may cause misunderstanding in the international communication because of culture difference. As an English major, to understand the culture of the target language is very important. Having the knowledge of body language will be helpful to us in intercultural communication.

Broadcasting in the UK Essay -- Television TV Antenna Digital Essays P

Broadcasting in the UK Introduction: Broadcasting, the transmission of information by radio or television, is a major factor affecting the television industry today. Broadcasting is currently achieved through analogue, a system that has existed since television began in the 1940’s and 50’s. "Analogue converts sound and pictures into waves, which are then transmitted through the air and picked up by our rooftops or indoor aerials." But, because of rapid technological advances in the modern era, analogue will soon be obsolete, and is presently in the process of being replaced by digital broadcasting, the new form of broadcasting that "turns pictures and sound into computer language, which changes one’s television into a form of computer, so that it can connect to the Internet, take interactive programs, and carry many more channels," all of which cannot be accomplished through analogue. As modern technology grows, the television industry is introduced to major issues, such as low consumer confidence, analogue switch-off difficulties, and the lack of technical skills. And unless these problems are resolved soon, they will lead to the collapse of the television industry. Lack of skills: Concerns associated with employee technical skills is becoming very common in the digital TV industry. The industry fears that its employees may lack the advanced technical knowledge required for the future. Its major concern right now is to find the right people with the right skills to effectively implement future strategies. Digital TV companies must become much more competent, innovative and creative, which means that its employees must be willing to develop themselves and their company in order to sustain the industry. As many are aware, IT skills will be very essential to the well-being of the industry. Because a number of shoppers today are already purchasing products online – and Internet access via digital TV exists, advanced IT skills are definitely required for the future health of the digital TV industry. However, since the demand for specialist IT skills is increasing and the human resources are limited, there exists a shortfall – one that appears to worsen . It has been reported by e-commerce consultancy, Spectrum Strategy, that over 850,000 e-business jobs could be created in Britain by 2003. But unfortunately, due to skills shortages, the digital TV indu... ...emove public confusion. However, ONDigital and SkyDigital have also pursued a common plan. Both companies have negotiated a plan with the UK Parliament to aid their shared issue. But unfortunately for both, Parliament has not yet conducted any of its promised public info campaigns. Conclusion: In conclusion, the future of digital television is unpredictable. Who knows where our high-tech society will end up next? Because technological advances are happening "right before our eyes," the TV industry is forced to "keep up with" modern technology. If this cannot be accomplished effectively, the industry will experience its gradual downfall. The UK government must help the industry "stay on track" and ensure that its products are agreeable to public interest. But in order to do so, Parliament must take a serious stand on the issue and motivate itself to promote public awareness of the benefits of converting to digital TV. If Parliament fails to play an "active" role, results for the television industry will be extremely negative. Not only will this give the industry a "bad" reputation, but it will also cause the Parliament itself to have a long-term negativereputation as well.

Body Alterations

Cosmetic surgery is the most common kind of plastic surgery nowadays. It consists on medical practices intended for enhancing one’s appearance, maintaining it or embellishing it beyond an average level toward an esthetic ideal. Tattoos, piercings and any other ornaments are applications that also take the human’s body as their final object. In his essay â€Å"The Body Jigsaw†, Philippe Liotard states that cosmetic surgery and body alterations stand at opposite sides. In the following, I’m going to take a position relatively to the above statement, before analyzing the situation in my home society, Lebanon. First of all, Liotard believes that body modifications are ways that one can use in order to look different from the common mass. For him, it is as expression of â€Å"refusal to comply with social norms† (Liotard, 264). So far, it’s true that having a foreign tattoo or a piercing in a society that doesn’t originally apply them commonly makes a person looks out of the box. Moreover, different combinations of body alterations emphasize the uniqueness of each individual and reflect a mixture of cultures. On the opposite side, cosmetic surgery can be applied for several reasons. One of them is looking for example as a certain idol, celebrity or any public figure. This aim is becoming very redundant between women who seek having this actress’ nose or that singer’s lips. From this way of thinking, we can say that cosmetic surgery promotes a kind of stereotype. For that, the uniqueness of each individual is abolished. For this way of interpretation, I stand on the same shore as the author. Moving to my home society, views and opinions concerning both â€Å"alternative† body alterations and cosmetic surgery vary a lot. There’s no single common way of handling these applications. In fact, some alterations are rejected while others can be tolerated. For most Lebanese, a familiar thought is that piercing as well as others body ornaments or some techniques are not manly. For that, a man with a pierced ear is subject to negative connotations. On the other hand, tattoos for instance are accepted to a certain extend. Concerning cosmetic surgery, we encounter three main categories of opinions. There are some people who completely support these surgeries whereas others reject them completely while some have intermediate views. As far as I’m concerned, I don’t mind people having a tattoo even though I won’t do it. I personally believe that the decision of having a permanent tattoo is based on mood or temporary convictions that can collapse with time. On the contrary, I’m not against having a temporary one. Also, about cosmetic surgeries, I support them when they aim to correct an inborn defect or an accidental one. A personal experience I had was when I broke my nose and the only solution was having a surgery to repair the bad appearance caused by the accident. On the opposite side, I disapprove plastic surgeries when they are applied just to have someone else’s nose, lips†¦ To sum up, I agree that cosmetic surgery and â€Å"alternative† body alterations are philosophical antonyms even though they both affect the body. And, like in everything else, the best use of body alterations relies in moderation. As a Lebanese proverb says: â€Å"Every excess means less† Works Cited Liotard, Philippe. â€Å"The Body Jigsaw†. Shades of Gray. 2nd edition. Ed. Zane Sinno et al. Essex: Pearson, 2008. Print

Comparing George Orwell And Robert Delavignette - 1509 Words

George Orwell and Robert Delavignette both acted as agents for their imperial empires at the turn of the 20th century. While engaging in the similar task of representing a European dominating power, the two viewed the outcome of their own work in drastically different ways. Orwell believed that his British Empire was trapped in a vicious loop with no positive externalities, while Delavignette believed that his French Empire was on the vanguard of creating the future of government and administration. Interestingly, the core of their arguments seem to be similar, that the power of their respective empire’s was not as mighty as popular opinion may have suggested, and that, in turn, the colonized people had a greater influence than expected.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"When I went back to metropolitan France, the very place where people thought they were doing something new in a big way, everything smelt stale and felt cramped. The fault lay with an impersonal, irresponsi ble, routine-ridden administration.† This for Delavignette created a need to limit the influence of the French in the colonized world, because he believed that an unchecked French influence would stifle the ability to create novel change. â€Å"I learned from him that even to keep a country going, a Commandant has to wage war on two fronts, against the natives and against the officials,† . Delavignette believed that by limiting the power of the Empire, and taking the best ideas from both the French and the Africans there was a chance for a positive net outcome: the creation of a new form of governance. Orwell too saw limitations in the abilities of his empire but his message ultimately differed because Orwell failed to see the silver linings that Delavignette found. Where Delavignette saw the imperial project as an opportunity Orwell saw a lose-lose situation and his work in Burma as futile. Orwell was trapped by his hatred of both the British imperial empire and the Burmese colonized people. â€Å"With one part of my mind I thought of the British Raj as an unbreakable tyranny, as something clamped down, in saecula saeculorum, upon the will of