Learning Disabilities - Dysgraphia, Dyslexia, Dyscalcula Free Essay Example, 4500 words

This is because of the evolution of the information age which has resulted in a severe divide from between those having such disabilities and those who do not, as the accessibility to information has become limited for the disabled where no facilitations existing for them. There has been an increase in the number of reported disabled individuals in the recent years of around as according to the 2001 census one in five of the UK population is disabled. This figure amounts to 18 percent of the population is disabled. (BBC - Commissioning - Disabled audiences Audience Information) The reason for this increase has been attributed to the environmental deterioration taking place, polluted water, polluted fish, mercury compounds found in plants and seafood due to toxic waters. Aside from these factors irregularities in fetal development and poor nourishment and care in their initial life can result in long-lasting learning disabilities. Disability also has the tendency to increa se and be aggravated by ageing. This can be seen from the statistics that 50 percent of people who are over the age of 65 are disabled while only 4.3 percent of children have reported disability. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Disabilities - Dysgraphia, Dyslexia, Dyscalcula or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The disability can only become a problem when people who have them start suffering from reduced self-confidence and attribute any failures that they might have in their life on themselves (Young, 2005). Such people need to be highly motivated.

Gilligans Ethics of Care

Psychologist Carol Gilligan is best known for her innovative but controversial ideas on the moral development of women. Gilligan emphasized what she called an â€Å"ethics of care† in womens moral reasoning. She placed her approach in direct opposition to Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which she claimed was biased against females and emphasized an â€Å"ethics of justice.† Key Takeaways: Gilligan's Ethics of Care Carol Gilligan believed women’s morality arose from real-life dilemmas, not hypothetical ones. She came up with three stages of moral development that emphasize an ethics of care.Pre-conventional stage: women are focused on the self.Conventional stage: women have come to focus on their responsibilities towards others. Post-conventional stage: a woman has learned to see herself and others as interdependent. Gilligan developed her thinking in response to the stages of moral development outlined by Lawrence Kohlberg, which Gilligan claimed were gender-biased and emphasized an ethics of justice. However, research by other scholars has shown that two moral orientations exist—one towards care and one towards justice. Origin of Gilligan’s Ethics of Care In 1967, a few years after receiving her Ph.D. from Harvard, Gilligan started a teaching position there. She also became a research assistant for Lawrence Kohlberg, who developed a popular theory of moral development. Gilligan’s work was a response to the gender bias she saw in Kohlberg’s approach.   Kohlberg’s theory of moral development included six stages. At its highest stage, an individual develops a deeply held, self-defined set of moral principles that one wishes to apply equally to all people. Kohlberg cautioned that not everyone would reach this sixth stage of moral development. In subsequent studies, he found that women tended to score at lower stages of moral development than men. However, Gilligan pointed out that the research Kohlberg did to develop his stage theory only included young white male participants. As a result, Gilligan argued that men werent morally superior to women. Instead, the reason women scored lower in Kohlberg’s stages than men was that Kohlberg’s work discounted the voices of women and girls. She outlined this position in detail in her seminal book In a Different Voice, which she published in 1982. Gilligan decided to study the development of moral reasoning in women herself and found that women thought about morality differently than men. Men, as exemplified by Kohlberg’s theory, tend to look at morality through a lens of rights, laws, and universally applied principles. This â€Å"ethics of justice† has traditionally been viewed as an ideal in patriarchal Western cultures because it is championed by men. However, women tend to look at morality through a lens of relationships, compassion, and responsibility to others. This â€Å"ethics of care† has often been overlooked because of the limited power women have typically held in Western societies. Gilligan illustrated this difference in the moral reasoning of males and females by articulating the thinking of a boy and a girl participants responses to the â€Å"Heinz dilemma† from Kohlberg’s studies. In this dilemma, a man named Heinz must choose whether or not to steal medicine he can’t afford to save the life of his dying wife. The boy participant believes Heinz should take the medicine because the right to life is more important than the right to property. On the other hand, the girl participant doesn’t believe Heinz should take the medicine because it could land him in jail for stealing, leaving his wife alone when she needs him. As this example demonstrates, the ethics of justice is impartial. Principles must always be applied in the same way, even if that means it negatively impacts the individual or someone they’re close to. On the other hand, the ethics of care is contextual. Morality isn’t based on abstract principles but on real relationships. Given these gender differences, Gilligan proposed that women don’t stop developing morally at lower levels than men, but that women’s moral development simply continues along a different trajectory than the ethics of justice measured by Kohlberg’s scale. Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Development Gilligan outlined her own stages of moral development based on an ethics of care. She used the same levels Kohlberg did but based her stages on interviews with women. Specifically, because Gilligan believed women’s morality arose from real-life dilemmas, not hypothetical ones, she interviewed women trying to decide whether or not to terminate a pregnancy. Her work yielded the following stages:   Stage 1: Pre-Conventional At the pre-conventional stage, women are focused on the self and emphasize their own self-interests over other considerations. Stage 2: Conventional At the conventional stage, women have come to focus on their responsibilities towards others. They are concerned with care for others and being selfless, but this position is defined by society or other people in the woman’s orbit. Stage 3: Post-Conventional At the highest stage of moral development, the post-conventional stage, a woman has learned to see herself and others as interdependent. These women have control of their lives and take responsibility for their decisions, a big part of which is the choice to care for others. Gilligan said that some women may not reach the highest stage of moral development. In addition, she didnt attach specific ages to her stages. However, she did claim that it wasnt experience that drove a woman through the stages, but cognitive ability and the woman’s evolving sense of self. Can the Ethics of Care Extend to Men? While the ethics of care was developed based on research with women, Gilligan has insisted that the ethics of care and the ethics of justice aren’t mutually exclusive. Instead of focusing on gender, Gilligan preferred to focus on the different themes brought up by these two perspectives on morality. Although this meant that men could develop an ethics of care, Gilligan indicated it was likely more common in women. Research by other scholars has backed up some of Gilligan’s assertions. On the one hand, studies have indicated that the gender differences on Kohlberg’s stages aren’t especially pronounced, suggesting that there may not be a strong gender-bias in Kohlberg’s work. On the other, studies have shown that people have two moral orientations that line up with Gilligan’s ethics of justice and ethics of care. And studies have found that the moral orientation towards care is stronger in females. Thus, while both men and women can and will develop both orientations, one may be more influential in men than in women and vice versa. Furthermore, research suggests that as people age and reach the highest stages of moral development, the two orientations may be more equally represented in the individual, regardless of gender. Critiques Despite the evidence for some of Gilligan’s ideas, they have also been criticized for a number of reasons. One critique states that Gilligan’s observations are the result of societal expectations of gender rather than differences that naturally arise from gender. Thus, if societal expectations were different, the moral orientations of males and females would also be different. In addition, feminist psychologists are divided over Gilligan’s work. While some have praised it, some have criticized it for reinforcing traditional notions of femininity that could continue to lock women into care-giver roles. Feminists have also pointed out that women are not a monolith. They argue that Gilligan’s work makes women’s voices seem homogenous, while denying their nuance and diversity. Sources Bell, Laura. Profile of Carol Gilligan. Psychologys Feminist Voices Multimedia Internet Archive. http://www.feministvoices.com/carol-gilligan/â€Å"Carol Gilligan Moral Development Theory Explained.† Health Research Funding. https://healthresearchfunding.org/carol-gilligan-moral-development-theory-explained/Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.â€Å"Ethics of Care.† New World Encyclopedia. 15 August 2017. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ethics_of_careGoodTherapy. â€Å"Carol Gilligan.† 8 July 2015. https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/carol-gilligan.htmlSander-Staudt, Maureen. â€Å"Care Ethics.† Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://www.iep.utm.edu/care-eth/#SH1aWilkinson, Sue. â€Å"Feminist Psychology.† Critical Personality: An Introduction, edited by Dennis Fox and Isaac Prilleltensky, SAGE, 1997, pp. 247-264.

Electronic Commerce Essay - 1144 Words

Analyze the role of EC in the modern business and social environments. Identify three international barriers to EC and evaluate their roles in the success of EC. This assignment tests your analytical and critical thinking skills and your ability to synthesize concepts around topics. The paper should be in APA format, 2-3 pages (not including reference page), with at least two references. With the introduction of internet, Ecommerce has taken its supreme position in Today’s industry. Ecommerce essentially means trading products and services by using computer through internet. It has three important factors- Technology, Law Policy and finally Business Ecommerce was introduced in 1970s and, from then, its use has been exponential†¦show more content†¦Role of E-commerce in the Social environments: 1. The major role of social media in E-Commerce is to promote brand awareness. 2. Social media helps passively showing that the brand interacts with their customers and is easily reachable. 3. Social media has cemented itself in today’s society and changed the way many of us communicate. Not only has it affected the way we interact at an individual level, but it has also started to impact the way companies do business. E-commerce reduces delivery time and labor cost thus it has been possible to save the time of both – the vendor and the consumer. Economic Effects of Ecommerce: 1. Reduction in transaction costs in Ecommerce compared to traditional commerce as Ecommerce removes the traditional geographical and time barriers. 2. Ecommerce is of tremendous advantage to a layman, who does not understand the product- which is new into the market- Ecommerce helps him make a decision by comparing the prices online and allows this comfort at his home rather than driving to different locations and accessing the similar product at different stores. 3. Additionally another main advantage has been shipping of the product to home which saves costs of transportation and time for the buyer. Business Effects of Ecommerce: 1. Various retail stores of a particular product are now connected online and they would have a better idea of the costs incurred to get the product from theShow MoreRelatedElectronic Commerce1202 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic Wallets are Secure Introduction The idea for paying for goods and services electronically is not a new one. The search for more efficient ways of doing business is now driving another revolution in the conduct of business and in our concept of money. 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This also enables consumers to search and gather information about products and services online. The word e-commerce refers to all transactions online. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the area in which we are to do our research and throughout this dissertation we will discuss consumer trust in e-commerce. The term B2C (business-to- consumer) involves the process when a business or an organization sells its products or services to consumers, for personalRead MoreThe Impact Of Electronic Commerce On The Development Of Electronic- Commerce3921 Words   |  16 Pagesof technology and communicative devices, electronic commerce and digital markets has steadily impacted the expansion of information systems, organizations, and society, on a global scale. The discussion of cultural differences as it relates to electronic commerce was identified while analyzing primary factors that markets should take into account. 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Additional businesses covered under the umbrella of e-commerce includes online auction sites, such as EBay, and businesses that exchange both goods and services.[3] History The history of e-commerce is oftenRead MoreElectronic Commerce And E Commerce2337 Words   |  10 PagesElectronic Commerce Electronic Commerce Defined Salvatore (2013) defines electronic commerce or e-commerce stating, â€Å"E-commerce refers to the production, advertising, sale, and distribution of products and services from business to business and from business to consumer through the internet† (p. 150). These activities can take place in many environments between businesses and consumers. E-commerce has changed the way goods and services are exchanged and have given light to businesses and consumersRead MoreE Commerce Vs. Electronic Commerce1527 Words   |  7 PagesThere are plenty of ways to define the definition of E-commerce. For example, according to the Oxford Dictionary, E-commerce or electronic commerce is the commercial transaction that conducted electronically on the Internet. Some people define E-commerce as the processes of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, and information by using the computer network technology such as the Internet. E-commerce does not only provide the function of buying and selling goods and services online viaRead MoreElectronic Commerce Electronic commerce (e-Commerce) describes the process of buying, selling,1200 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic Commerce Electronic commerce (e-Commerce) describes the process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and/or information through computer networks, principally the Internet (Turban et al., 2004). It is also refers to the process by which commerce is carried out using electronic means to conduct transaction between businesses, customers, individuals etc. Taking place online a person goes to the website of a company or person offering goods and services.Read MoreElectronic Commerce And The Internet1127 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic commerce, commonly known as eCommerce, is a term for any type of business, or commercial transaction that involves the transfer of information across the Internet. Most people believe it is only the buying and selling of product or service over the Internet and other computer networks, but eCommerce is so much more. It covers a range of different types of businesses, from consumer-based retail, through auction or music sites, to business exchanges trading goods and services between corporationsRead MoreElectronic Commerce ( Ec )1031 Words   |  5 Pages2. Introduction: Electronic commerce (EC) provides a cost effective technique for organizations to marketplace their business, improve communication, identify potential business partners, and launch new way to their customer to purchase products online. Online buying is the process of selling and buying goods or services by using computer via internet. Since the development of www (World Wide Web), vendors have looked for a way to sell their goods and products to people who like to spend time on

Relationship Between Mother and Daughter free essay sample

â€Å"A mother is not a person to lean on, but a person to make leaning unnecessary.† (Dorothy Fisher). The thought of not a mother around all the time is unbearable. My mother is kind, caring, strong, and independent and I would be thrilled to grow up to be everything she is. If I had to choose the most influential person out of all the amazing people I have gotten to know, I would pick my mother with no doubt. For reasons like my family she has kept strong through everything all the way to loving me no matter what, my mother had demonstrated that she is a real woman and I would be more than happy to be just like her later on in my life. Every day, I see her small things she does to either cheer me up, or make me feel loved. My mother works hard to keep us all on our feet. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Mother and Daughter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is difficult for any mother, and she handles it very well. Another thing that my mom handles well would be that my dad has to commute to New York every week and he doesnt return until Friday. I can see the toll that this takes on my mother, but she chooses to hind her hurt to make sure that we are okay. Missing my father is something that I have lived with since I could remember. My mother will make me feel better about my dad being gone for long periods of time. She drops all her problems to tend to mine, which is why she is such an amazing person. This situation demonstrates how strong my mother really is. I can either look toward her for support or to remind me that my obstacles can be solved by myself to make me a stronger individual in the long run. This quality can be very important to be the person who I look forward to being. An independent person, just like my mother is. She depends on herself to make it through life and nobody else. We never know what could happen and it is safe to know how to support yourself. Many people influence me throughout my life so far, and it is important to learn from each person. But my strong, smart, independent, and caring mother is the person who makes the most difference in my life. The impact that she has on me is indescribable because every day she teaches me something new that is important. This question is not brought up to students much anymore and I believe that we should talk more about the figures in someone’s life. Even though my mother might not notice but I watch her every move to see her expressions on things and actions on other things. Certain things that she might do with catch my eye and I will notice it even more later on. In todays’ society every person needs a figure to look up to, for them to be guided throughout our everyday lives. And that is why I decided to choose my mother for the person who I think is the most influential to me.